Role of cytokinine..

The Role of cytokinine in Plant.............

It is a plant hormone and a promoter of the plant. It initiates axillary bud growth and delays senescence. It controls protein synthesis and helps in the metabolization of nutrients. It increases the shelf life of cut shoot and flower.

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What is insulin resistance? Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it effectively. When people have insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by the cells, leading to type 2 diabetes or prediabetes............

What is insulin resistance?

Our demand for fuel varies from moment to moment, but the brain needs our blood sugar level to remain stable. So getting the cells the energy they need without changing that level is a critical function — and that’s the role that insulin plays. Insulin is a vital hormone produced in the pancreas that signals the cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. The body monitors what we’ve digested, blood sugar levels, and cell demands, and releases insulin in just the right amounts. That’s why a healthy body is described as “insulin sensitive.” Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it effectively. When people have insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by the cells, leading to type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.Most are taken aback when they learn they either already have insulin resistance syndrome (or as I call it pre-pre-diabetic) until they develop type 2 diabetes, a serious, lifelong disease.  

Why it is a risk:

Those who are insulin resistant are at much greater risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), heart disease, high cholesterol, breast cancer and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). There is some evidence that insulin resistance may contribute to endometrial cancer. It has also been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease.The good news is that if people learn they have insulin resistance, they can often prevent or delay diabetes by making changes their lifestyle.

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What is Parkinson disease and its early signs......

What is Parkinson disease:

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most popular neurological disorders, affecting approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years and causing progressive disability that can be slowed, although not halted, by treatment. The 2 major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease are the loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.

In short, an individual's brain slowly stops producing a neurotransmitter called dopamine. With less and less dopamine, an individual has much less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions.

Early sign:

Early sign of Parkinson diseases includes:

·        Twitching or shaking

 Twitching or shaking of limbs the kind of early sign of Parkinson's disease.

·        Small Handwriting

A sudden change in handwriting is often a sign of Parkinson's disease.

·        Loss of Smell

 If you appear to have more trouble smelling foods like bananas, dill pickles or licorice, you should ask your doctor about Parkinson's disease.

·        Trouble Sleeping

 You could notice that you started falling out of bed while asleep. Sometimes, your spouse will notice, or will want to move to another bed. Sudden movements during sleep may be a sign of Parkinson's disease.  You might notice that you began falling out of bed while asleep. Sometimes, your spouse will notice, or will want to move to another bed. Sudden movements during sleep is often a sign of Parkinson's disease.

·        Trouble Moving or Walking

An early sign might be stiffness or pain in your shoulder or hips. People sometimes say their feet seem 'stuck to the floor.'

·        Constipation

Straining to move your bowels can be an early sign of Parkinson's disease and you should speak to your doctor.

·        A Soft or Low Voice

If there has been a change in your voice you should see your doctor about whether it could be Parkinson's disease.

·        Masked Face

Have you been told that you have a serious, depressed or mad look on your face more often, even when you are not in a bad mood? This serious-looking face is called masking. Also, if you or other people notice that you have a blank stare or do not blink your eyes very often, you should ask your doctor about Parkinson's disease.

·        Dizziness or Fainting

Feeling dizzy or fainting may be signs of low blood pressure level and can be related to Parkinson's disease.

·        Stooping or Hunching Over

 When you or your family or friends observe that you seem to be stooping, leaning or slouching when you stand, maybe it's a sign of Parkinson's disease.

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Lytic and Lysogenic cycle of viral reproduction

Viral reproduction process:

Viruses can reproduce within the host cell in two processes of a cycle. The multiplication of virulent phages is called lytic cycle and the multiplication of template phages is called lysogenic cycle.

Lytic cycle:

It is considered the main cycle of viral reproduction as most of the viruses replicate in this process. At this cycle, viruses are entered their genetic material within the host cell. Then it transcribes itself into the host cell's messenger RNAs and uses them to direct the ribosome. The host cell's DNA is destroyed and the virus takes over the cell's metabolic activities. The virus starts using the cell energy because of its own propagation. The virus produces progeny phages. These replicate fast, and soon the cell is filled with approximately 100-200 new viruses. As the cell starts getting overcrowded, the initial virus releases enzymes to destroy the cell wall. The cell wall bursts - this method is called lysing - and the new viruses are released.

Lysogenic cycle:

 In this cycle, the viral genetic material enters the host cell and integrates into the host DNA as a new set of genes called prophage. So, the viral DNA becomes part of the cell's genetic material. No progeny particles, like in the lytic phase, are produced. Each and every time the host cell DNA chromosome replicates during cell division, the passive and non-virulent prophage replicates too. This can modify the cell's characteristics, but it does not destroy it.

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What are exons and introns?

What are exons?

Exon is the nucleotide sequence of DNA that is encoded for the synthesis of protein. They present in the pre-mature RNA with introns. After introns are removed by the process of RNA splicing, they remain in the final mRNA and have the specific code for specific protein synthesis via tRNA. In many genes, the exon contains open reading frame that code for protein synthesis.

What are introns?

Introns are the sequence of genes that does not code for protein synthesis. They are removed when final mature RNA takes place by RNA splicing. So they are sometimes called intervening sequence. Introns are important as they can prevent damage of the DNA and pre-mRNA.

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Mitochondrial DNA

What is Mitochondrial DNA?

Generally all DNAs are packed in chromosomes within the nucleus in the cell but mitochondria have its own DNA, called mitochondrial DNA or mt DNA. This mitochondrial DNA found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondrial DNA contains 37 genes and containing almost 16,600 bp. They all are essential for normal mitochondrial functions.

Structure:

In most unicellular organisms, the mt DNA is linear and possess telomerase independent telomerase which made them reach their interesting objects. So, these organisms are known as pathogens.

On the other hand, multicellular organisms have circular, double stranded mtDNA. For human mt DNA, 100-10,000 separate copies of mt DNA are present per cell.

Functions:

About 13 genes of Mitochondrial DNA help in making enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation reactions and remaining genes give instruction for making tRNA and rRNA. These genes help in the replication of DNA. Mitochondrial DNAs are self-replicated. These DNA may also play a role in the evolutionary relationship among species.

                               

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AncestryDNA

AncestryDNA: Discover your own family

AncestryDNA is usually a cutting edge DNA testing service which uses several of the latest autosomal testing technology to revolutionize the way you discover all your family history. This particular repair combines advanced DNA science with the world’s largest online family history resource to predict your genetic ethnicity and assist you in finding new family connections. AncestryDNA may also help identify relationships with unknown relatives through a dynamic list of DNA matches.

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